Power Quality Assessment in Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems Using Deep Learning Techniques

Abstract

To address challenges in stability, power quality, and computational demands while supporting sustainable energy goals in grid-connected solar PV systems, this research introduces a novel deep learning approach: Adaptive Graph-Aware Reinforced Autoencoder with Attention-Based Neural Architecture Search (AGRAAN). AGRAAN simplifies and accelerates the development of neural networks by automatically identifying optimal architectures through Neural Architecture Search (NAS), enabling efficient learning from limited data using Few-Shot Learning, and enhancing performance through attention mechanisms for time-series forecasting. This integrated approach reduces manual tuning and adapts effectively to various tasks. High levels of solar PV integration in power grids introduce variability due to weather conditions and limited forecasting, often resulting in high operational costs. To address this, the AGRAAN model enhances real-time solar variability prediction, improving adaptability, cost-efficiency, and grid stability. NAS supports architectural optimization, Few-Shot Learning improves adaptability with minimal data, and attention mechanisms enhance forecasting accuracy. Additionally, high PV penetration causes voltage fluctuations and harmonic distortions in diverse grid environments. To mitigate these effects, a complementary system named Graph-Aware Reinforced Autoencoder Control System (GRAACS) is proposed. GRAACS detects and manages power quality issues using Autoencoders for anomaly detection, Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) for spatial prediction, and Reinforcement Learning for adaptive real-time control. The combined AGRAAN and GRAACS models significantly enhance performance, achieving a high efficiency score of 0.98, an F1-Score of 0.97, and a low Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.11. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AI-driven framework in optimizing solar PV grid integration for energy efficiency.